Glossary
Indonesia Business Glossary
Plain-English definitions of the Indonesian business, tax, licensing and immigration terms founders and foreign investors run into most.
Company & Legal
34
PTPerseroan Terbatas (PT)PT stands for Perseroan Terbatas, Indonesia's limited liability company and the standard form for a locally owned business. Shareholders' liability is limited to their capital, and the company is a separate legal entity registered with the Ministry of Law. It is contrasted with a PT PMA when foreign ownership is involved.Read definitionPT PMAPT PMA (Foreign Investment Company)PT PMA (Penanaman Modal Asing) is an Indonesian limited liability company that allows foreign ownership. It is regulated as a foreign investment company, subject to the Positive Investment List that sets how much of each sector foreigners may own, and to higher capital and reporting requirements than a local PT.Read definitionAHUAHU (Legal Administration)AHU refers to the Directorate General of General Legal Administration (Administrasi Hukum Umum) under Indonesia's Ministry of Law, and to AHU Online, the system used to register companies and record corporate changes. A company's deed of establishment is approved here, and updates to directors, shareholders or articles are filed through it.Read definitionDPIPositive Investment ListThe Positive Investment List (Daftar Positif Investasi) is the regulation that defines which business sectors are open, conditional, or closed to foreign investment, and any ownership caps that apply. It replaced the older negative-list approach and is the starting point for deciding whether and how a foreigner can own a business in a given sector.Read definitionCompany IncorporationCompany Incorporation (Business Setup)Company incorporation is the process of legally creating a company so it can operate, sign contracts, open bank accounts, obtain licenses, hire staff, and meet tax and compliance obligations in Indonesia.Read definitionLegal EntityA legal entity is an organization recognized by law as separate from its owners or managers. In Indonesia, common business legal entities include PT, PT PMA, foundations, cooperatives, and representative offices.Read definitionMinistry of Law ApprovalMinistry of Law approval is the formal approval issued after a company deed or corporate change is submitted through Indonesia's legal administration system. It confirms that the company or amendment is legally recognized.Read definitionAOAArticles of Association (AOA)Articles of Association are a company's constitutional documents. They set out core rules such as the company name, business purpose, capital structure, shareholder rights, directors, commissioners, and decision-making process.Read definitionDirectorDirector (Direksi)A director is part of the company management body responsible for running daily operations and representing the company in legal and business matters, subject to the authority set out in the Articles of Association and Indonesian company law.Read definitionCommissionerCommissioner (Dewan Komisaris)A commissioner is part of the supervisory body of an Indonesian company. Commissioners oversee directors, review management actions, and help protect shareholder interests, but do not usually run daily operations.Read definitionShareholder ChangeA shareholder change is a transfer or adjustment of company ownership. It may require corporate approvals, notarial documentation, updates to company records, and filings through the relevant Indonesian systems.Read definitionCorporate SecretaryCorporate secretary support covers company administration, statutory records, shareholder and board documentation, compliance calendars, corporate filings, and coordination of legal documents required to keep a company in good standing.Read definitionProxyA proxy is an authorization that allows one person to act or vote on behalf of another person or company. In corporate matters, proxies are often used for shareholder meetings, document signing, or administrative representation.Read definitionCorporate GovernanceCorporate governance is the system of rules, roles, controls, and decision-making processes used to direct and supervise a company. Good governance helps reduce risk, clarify accountability, and protect shareholders and stakeholders.Read definitionCompany RestructuringCompany restructuring is a formal change to a company's ownership, capital, management, group structure, or legal arrangement. It is often used when a business is preparing for investment, growth, exit, merger, or operational change.Read definitionCompany DissolutionCompany dissolution is the legal process of closing a company. It usually involves shareholder approval, settlement of obligations, liquidation steps, public notices, tax clearance considerations, and final filings.Read definitionLiquidationLiquidation is the process of winding down a company by collecting assets, settling liabilities, handling remaining obligations, and distributing any residual value before the company is legally closed.Read definitionRepresentative OfficeA representative office is a non-trading presence that allows a foreign company to conduct limited activities in Indonesia, such as market research, liaison, promotion, or coordination, without directly generating local commercial revenue.Read definitionKPPAKPPA stands for Kantor Perwakilan Perusahaan Asing, or foreign company representative office. It is used by foreign companies that need a local presence for liaison or market research before establishing a trading entity.Read definitionOffshore CompanyAn offshore company is a company registered outside the owner's main country of residence or business operation. It may be used for holding, investment, international structuring, or cross-border commercial purposes, subject to tax and compliance rules.Read definitionRegistered AddressA registered address is the official address recorded for a company or permit holder. It is used for licensing, correspondence, inspections, corporate records, tax registration, and other administrative purposes.Read definitionDomicile LetterDomicile Letter (Surat Keterangan Domisili)A domicile letter is a document confirming the location or address of a person, business, or activity. It may be required for certain administrative, licensing, or residency-related processes.Read definitionVirtual OfficeA virtual office provides a registered business address and related office administration without requiring the company to occupy a traditional private office. Its acceptability depends on the business activity, location, and licensing requirements.Read definitionDocument AuthenticationDocument authentication is the process of verifying that a document, signature, seal, or copy is valid for official use. It may involve notary certification, legalization, apostille, embassy handling, or sworn translation depending on the destination.Read definitionNotarisationNotarisation (Notarization)Notarisation is the certification of a document or legal act by a notary. In Indonesia, many corporate, property, and legal documents require notarial involvement to become valid or registrable.Read definitionLegalisationLegalisation (Legalization)Legalisation is a process that confirms a document is valid for use in another jurisdiction or before a particular authority. It may involve government offices, embassies, consulates, or apostille procedures.Read definitionSworn TranslationA sworn translation is a translation prepared by a translator officially authorized to translate documents for legal, immigration, corporate, or government use.Read definitionContract DraftingContract drafting is the preparation of agreements that define commercial terms, rights, obligations, risk allocation, payment, termination, and dispute handling between parties.Read definitionSale and Purchase AgreementA Sale and Purchase Agreement is a contract that records the terms of a sale, such as the object being sold, price, payment terms, completion conditions, warranties, and responsibilities of each party.Read definitionManagement AgreementA management agreement is a contract where one party is appointed to manage a property, business unit, operation, or service function for another party under agreed responsibilities and fees.Read definitionTrademarkA trademark is a sign, name, logo, phrase, or mark used to distinguish a product or service. Trademark registration helps protect brand identity and gives the owner enforceable rights against unauthorized use.Read definitionIntellectual PropertyIntellectual property refers to rights over creations such as brands, trademarks, software, designs, content, inventions, and creative works. These rights help protect commercial value created by ideas and assets.Read definitionImporter of RecordAn Importer of Record is the party legally responsible for importing goods into a country, handling customs declarations, duties, compliance documents, and import-related obligations.Read definitionCustoms ClearanceCustoms clearance is the process of getting imported or exported goods approved by customs authorities. It includes documentation, classification, duty and tax handling, inspection, and release of goods.Read definition
Licensing & Investment
18
NIBNIB (Business Identification Number)NIB (Nomor Induk Berusaha) is the Business Identification Number issued through the OSS system. It is a company's single primary business identity and, for many businesses, also acts as the import licence and customs identification. It is one of the first documents obtained after incorporation.Read definitionOSSOSS (Online Single Submission)OSS (Online Single Submission) is the Indonesian government's integrated online licensing platform. Its current risk-based version, OSS-RBA, is where a company obtains its NIB and the business licences required for its activities, with requirements scaled to the risk level of each KBLI.Read definitionKBLIKBLI (Business Classification Codes)KBLI (Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia) is Indonesia's standard classification of business activities. Each KBLI code determines what a company is licensed to do, its risk level for licensing, and the foreign-ownership rules that apply, so choosing the correct codes is a key step when setting up a company.Read definitionLKPMLKPM (Investment Activity Report)LKPM (Laporan Kegiatan Penanaman Modal) is the Investment Activity Report that investment companies, including every PT PMA, must file periodically with BKPM. It reports how much of the planned investment has been realised and the company's operational status. Missing LKPM deadlines can lead to warnings and licence problems.Read definitionOSS RBAOSS RBA (Risk-Based OSS)OSS RBA is the risk-based version of Indonesia's Online Single Submission licensing system. It classifies business activities by risk level and determines which licenses, standards, or approvals a business must obtain.Read definitionRisk-Based LicensingRisk-based licensing is a licensing approach where requirements depend on the risk level of the business activity. Lower-risk activities may need simpler registration, while higher-risk activities may require approvals, standards, or inspections.Read definitionBusiness LicenseA business license is an authorization allowing a company to carry out a specific business activity. Licensing requirements depend on the activity, KBLI classification, sector, location, and risk level.Read definitionOperational LicenseAn operational license is a permit or approval required before a business can conduct certain operational activities. It may relate to facilities, products, buildings, sectors, safety, or technical standards.Read definitionPBGPBG stands for Persetujuan Bangunan Gedung, a building approval required for certain construction, renovation, or building-use activities in Indonesia. It replaced the old IMB framework in the current building approval system.Read definitionSLFSLF stands for Sertifikat Laik Fungsi, a certificate confirming that a building is fit for use according to applicable function, safety, and technical requirements.Read definitionBuilding ApprovalBuilding approval refers to the permits or certificates needed to construct, modify, occupy, or use a building legally. In Indonesia this commonly involves PBG and SLF requirements.Read definitionHalal CertificationHalal certification is the official confirmation that a product, service, or process meets applicable halal standards. It is important for regulated products such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and other consumer goods.Read definitionHKI LicenseHKI refers to intellectual property rights in Indonesia. An HKI-related license or registration can cover trademarks, copyrights, patents, designs, or other protected intellectual property assets.Read definitionProduct RegistrationProduct registration is the process of registering regulated goods before they are sold or distributed. Requirements may depend on the product category, ingredients, labeling, safety standards, and responsible authority.Read definitionPSE RegistrationPSE registration is the registration requirement for certain electronic system operators in Indonesia, including businesses that operate digital platforms, websites, applications, or online services.Read definitionElectronic System OperatorAn Electronic System Operator is a person or business that provides, manages, or operates an electronic system. Certain operators must register their systems with the relevant Indonesian authority.Read definitionTechnical CommitmentA technical commitment is a requirement a business must fulfill after or during licensing, such as submitting additional documents, meeting standards, completing inspections, or obtaining sectoral approvals.Read definitionOccupancy ComplianceOccupancy compliance means that a building, office, or facility is used in line with its permitted function, zoning, safety standards, and applicable building approvals.Read definition
Tax
32
NPWPNPWP (Taxpayer ID Number)NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak) is the Indonesian Taxpayer Identification Number issued by the tax office (DJP) to individuals and companies. It is required to file and pay taxes, issue tax invoices, and complete many business and banking processes.Read definitionPPNPPN (Value-Added Tax)PPN (Pajak Pertambahan Nilai) is Indonesia's Value-Added Tax on the supply of goods and services. Businesses registered as PKP charge PPN on sales, issue e-Faktur tax invoices, and remit the tax monthly. The standard rate is currently 11%.Read definitionPPhPPh (Income Tax)PPh (Pajak Penghasilan) is Indonesian income tax, covering both corporate income tax (PPh Badan) and a family of withholding taxes such as PPh 21 on employee salaries and PPh 23, 26 and 4(2) on various payments. Most companies deal with PPh every month through withholding and instalments, and annually through the corporate return.Read definitionPKPPKP (VAT-Registered Business)PKP (Pengusaha Kena Pajak) is a business registered as a taxable entrepreneur for VAT purposes. Once turnover passes the registration threshold, a business must become PKP, charge PPN, issue e-Faktur invoices, and file monthly VAT returns.Read definitionSPTSPT (Tax Return)SPT (Surat Pemberitahuan) is a tax return filed with the tax office (DJP). Companies file monthly returns (SPT Masa) for taxes such as VAT and withholding, and an annual corporate return (SPT Tahunan). Filing on time is central to staying compliant and avoiding penalties.Read definitionSP2DKSP2DK (Tax Clarification Letter)SP2DK (Surat Permintaan Penjelasan atas Data dan/atau Keterangan) is a letter from the tax office asking a taxpayer to explain data or discrepancies it has noticed. It is not yet a formal audit, but how a company responds, and how well its records support the explanation, often decides whether the matter escalates.Read definitionCoretaxCoretax (Tax Administration System)Coretax is the tax authority's integrated tax administration system, used for registration, filing, payment and taxpayer accounts. It consolidates processes that were previously spread across separate platforms, so keeping company and tax data consistent within it matters for smooth filing.Read definitionEFINEFIN is the Electronic Filing Identification Number used by Indonesian taxpayers to access certain online tax filing services and activate electronic tax accounts.Read definitionElectronic Tax CertificateElectronic Tax Certificate (Sertifikat Elektronik Pajak)An electronic tax certificate is a digital certificate used to authenticate a taxpayer for online tax administration, including access to certain electronic tax services, filings, and digital tax documents.Read definitione-Fakture-Faktur is Indonesia's electronic VAT invoice system used by VAT-registered businesses to create, report, and administer VAT invoices. It should be linked internally to the PPN and PKP glossary pages.Read definitionMonthly Tax ComplianceMonthly tax compliance is the recurring process of calculating, paying, and filing monthly tax obligations. It can include employee tax, withholding tax, VAT, and other periodic tax requirements.Read definitionAnnual Corporate Tax ReportingAnnual corporate tax reporting is the year-end process of preparing, reconciling, and filing a company's annual tax return and supporting schedules with the Indonesian tax authority.Read definitionIndividual Tax ReportingIndividual tax reporting is the preparation and filing of tax returns for individuals, including employees, directors, freelancers, investors, or foreign residents with Indonesian tax obligations.Read definitionTax AuditA tax audit is a formal examination by the tax authority of a taxpayer's filings, documents, payments, and supporting data to verify whether tax obligations have been correctly met.Read definitionTax AdvisoryTax advisory is professional guidance on tax treatment, compliance positions, planning, transactions, audits, incentives, and risk management under applicable tax rules.Read definitionTax PlanningTax planning is the process of arranging business activities, transactions, and documentation in a tax-compliant way while managing tax cost, cash flow, and risk.Read definitionTax ExposureTax exposure is the potential tax cost, penalty, interest, or dispute risk a taxpayer may face because of uncertain positions, underpayment, documentation gaps, or non-compliance.Read definitionTax ObjectionA tax objection is a formal challenge submitted by a taxpayer against certain tax assessments or decisions. It requires clear arguments, documents, and compliance with procedural deadlines.Read definitionTax AppealA tax appeal is a further dispute process after an objection or tax decision, usually handled through the tax court process. It requires careful documentation, legal arguments, and procedural compliance.Read definitionTax IncentiveA tax incentive is a tax facility, reduction, exemption, allowance, or special treatment offered under specific rules to support investment, sectors, locations, or policy objectives.Read definitionBookkeepingBookkeeping is the routine recording and organizing of financial transactions, such as sales, purchases, bank movements, expenses, payroll, and tax-related entries.Read definitionReconciliationReconciliation is the process of comparing records, balances, or reports to identify and resolve differences. Common reconciliations include bank, accounts payable, accounts receivable, tax, and intercompany balances.Read definitionFinancial ReportingFinancial reporting is the preparation of financial information such as balance sheets, income statements, cash flow reports, and management reports so owners, managers, investors, or lenders can understand business performance.Read definitionManagement ReportA management report is an internal report designed for decision-making. It usually highlights revenue, costs, cash flow, margins, operational performance, risks, and key actions needed by management.Read definitionAudit-Ready BooksAudit-ready books are accounting records that are complete, reconciled, documented, and organized enough to support an audit, due diligence review, tax review, or investor request.Read definitionInvestor-Ready ReportingInvestor-ready reporting is financial and operational reporting prepared clearly enough for investors, lenders, or acquirers to review performance, risks, assumptions, and growth potential.Read definitionFinancial ModelA financial model is a spreadsheet or analytical tool that projects financial performance, cash flow, valuation, funding needs, or business scenarios based on assumptions and drivers.Read definitionForecastingForecasting is the process of estimating future financial or operational outcomes based on historical data, current trends, assumptions, and expected business changes.Read definitionBudgetingBudgeting is the process of setting planned revenue, costs, cash needs, and financial targets for a period so the business can allocate resources and monitor performance.Read definitionValuationValuation is the process of estimating the economic value of a company, asset, project, or transaction using methods such as discounted cash flow, comparable companies, or transaction multiples.Read definitionCash FlowCash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business. Strong cash flow visibility helps companies manage payroll, tax payments, supplier obligations, investment, and growth decisions.Read definitionFractional CFOA fractional CFO is a senior finance leader engaged part-time or on a flexible basis to support cash flow planning, budgeting, reporting, pricing, margins, board materials, and strategic decisions without hiring a full-time CFO.Read definition
Immigration & HR
35
KITASKITAS (Limited Stay Permit)KITAS (Kartu Izin Tinggal Terbatas) is Indonesia's Limited Stay Permit Card for foreigners. Common types include the investor KITAS for shareholders of a PT PMA and the work KITAS for employed foreigners; it is typically valid for one to two years and renewable.Read definitionKITAPKITAP (Permanent Stay Permit)KITAP (Kartu Izin Tinggal Tetap) is Indonesia's Permanent Stay Permit Card. It generally becomes available after a foreigner has held a KITAS for a qualifying period, and offers a longer validity with fewer renewals.Read definitionRPTKARPTKA (Foreign Worker Plan)RPTKA (Rencana Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing) is the Foreign Worker Utilisation Plan an Indonesian employer must have approved before hiring a foreigner. It is a prerequisite for a foreign employee's work permit and work KITAS.Read definitionBPJSBPJS (Social Security)BPJS (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial) is Indonesia's mandatory social security system, split into BPJS Kesehatan for health coverage and BPJS Ketenagakerjaan for employment benefits such as work-accident, old-age and pension programmes. Employers must enrol their employees and contribute monthly.Read definitionWork PermitA work permit is authorization for a foreign national to work legally in Indonesia under a sponsoring company and approved role. It should be understood together with RPTKA and the relevant stay permit.Read definitionWork AuthorizationWork authorization is the legal permission for a foreign national to perform work activities. It may involve employer sponsorship, role approval, work permit steps, and a suitable stay permit.Read definitionWork VisaA work visa is an immigration pathway for a foreign employee who needs to work and reside in Indonesia under sponsorship from an eligible Indonesian company.Read definitionInvestor VisaAn investor visa is a stay pathway for foreign shareholders or investors who meet applicable ownership, capital, sponsorship, and immigration requirements.Read definitionBusiness VisaA business visa allows foreign nationals to visit Indonesia for eligible non-employment business activities such as meetings, negotiations, market visits, or business discussions.Read definitionDependent VisaA dependent visa allows eligible family members to stay in Indonesia based on their relationship to a principal permit holder, such as a spouse, parent, or child.Read definitionFamily VisaA family visa is an immigration pathway based on family relationship or sponsorship. It can apply to spouses, children, dependents, or other eligible family members depending on the permit type.Read definitionSpouse VisaA spouse visa allows a foreign spouse to stay in Indonesia based on marriage or family sponsorship, subject to immigration and civil documentation requirements.Read definitionPre-Investment VisaA pre-investment visa is a visa pathway for applicants exploring investment, market opportunities, or business establishment in Indonesia before forming or finalizing a local entity.Read definitionRemote Worker VisaA remote worker visa is a stay pathway for foreign nationals who work remotely for overseas clients or employers while living temporarily in Indonesia, subject to the applicable visa category rules.Read definitionResearch VisaA research visa allows eligible foreign nationals to conduct approved research activities in Indonesia. It usually requires sponsorship, research documents, and coordination with relevant authorities.Read definitionRetirement VisaA retirement visa is a long-stay immigration pathway for eligible retirees who meet age, financial, sponsorship, insurance, housing, or other requirements set by Indonesian regulations.Read definitionGolden VisaA Golden Visa is a long-term residence pathway for eligible applicants such as investors, business owners, professionals, or other qualifying categories under Indonesia's immigration rules.Read definitionSecond Home VisaA Second Home Visa is a long-stay visa category for eligible foreign nationals who want to live in Indonesia under the second-home pathway and meet the required financial or documentation criteria.Read definitionSilver Hair VisaA Silver Hair Visa is a long-stay or retirement-related visa pathway for senior foreign applicants who meet the applicable age, financial, and documentation requirements.Read definitionSingle Entry Social VisaA single entry social visa allows one entry into Indonesia for temporary social, cultural, family, or similar non-commercial visit purposes.Read definitionSingle Entry Tourist VisaSingle Entry Tourist Visa (Single Entry Visit Visa)A single entry tourist visa allows one temporary visit to Indonesia for tourism, visiting, or other eligible short-term non-employment purposes.Read definitionMultiple Entry VisaA multiple entry visa allows repeated entries into Indonesia during the visa validity period, subject to the permitted purpose, maximum stay rules, and immigration conditions.Read definitionVisa on ArrivalVisa on Arrival is a short-stay visa facility available to eligible travelers upon arrival or through an electronic process, depending on nationality, purpose, and current immigration rules.Read definitioneVOAeVOA (Electronic Visa On Arrival)eVOA is the electronic Visa on Arrival process that allows eligible travelers to apply online before entering Indonesia for a permitted short-stay purpose.Read definitionVisa ExtensionA visa extension is the process of extending an eligible visa or stay permit before it expires, subject to the visa type, purpose of stay, maximum period, and immigration rules.Read definitionExit Only PermitAn Exit Only Permit is used when a foreign national ends a stay permit, employment, or sponsorship arrangement and needs to leave Indonesia or close the immigration status properly.Read definitionExit Re-entry PermitAn exit re-entry permit allows a foreign national with an existing stay permit to leave Indonesia and return without cancelling the permit, subject to the permit type and validity.Read definitionPassport MutationPassport mutation is the process of updating immigration records after a foreign national changes or renews their passport, so the stay permit and immigration data remain aligned.Read definitionAddress MutationAddress Mutation (Address Change)Address mutation is the update of a foreign national's registered address with the relevant immigration or administrative authority after moving residence.Read definitionSponsorSponsor (Sponsorship)A sponsor is the Indonesian person, company, institution, or entity responsible for supporting a foreign national's visa or stay permit application and related immigration obligations.Read definitionPrincipal Permit HolderA principal permit holder is the main foreign national whose visa or stay permit supports dependent or family members' immigration status.Read definitionStay PermitA stay permit is immigration permission allowing a foreign national to remain in Indonesia for a specific purpose and period. KITAS and KITAP are common types of stay permits.Read definitionDiaspora VisaA diaspora visa is a visa pathway for applicants with Indonesian heritage, former Indonesian citizenship, or lineage-based connections, subject to the applicable immigration category and documents.Read definitionCitizenship VisaCitizenship visa support refers to immigration handling connected to citizenship, former citizenship, descent, family ties, or related status-based pathways.Read definitionEntertainment VisaEntertainment Visa (Performer Visa)An entertainment visa is used for eligible performers, artists, entertainers, or production-related applicants who need permission to conduct specific entertainment or creative activities in Indonesia.Read definition
HR, Payroll & Recruitment
18
Payroll OutsourcingPayroll outsourcing is the delegation of salary calculation, payslip preparation, payroll reporting, statutory contribution handling, and payroll administration to an external provider.Read definitionPayroll ManagementPayroll management is the process of calculating salaries, deductions, benefits, statutory contributions, payroll taxes, reimbursements, and payslips accurately and on time.Read definitionPayslipA payslip is a document given to an employee showing salary, allowances, deductions, tax, statutory contributions, and net pay for a payroll period.Read definitionStatutory ContributionA statutory contribution is a mandatory payment required by law, such as social security, employment insurance, or other employee-related contributions.Read definitionEmployment AgreementAn employment agreement is a contract between employer and employee that sets out role, salary, benefits, working terms, rights, obligations, confidentiality, termination, and other employment conditions.Read definitionPKWTFixed-Term Employment Contract (PKWT)A fixed-term employment contract is an employment agreement for a defined period or project. In Indonesia it is commonly referred to as PKWT and must follow specific labor law requirements.Read definitionPKWTTPermanent Employment Contract (PKWTT)A permanent employment contract is an employment relationship without a fixed end date. In Indonesia it is commonly referred to as PKWTT and gives employees ongoing employment status subject to labor law.Read definitionManpower ReportingManpower reporting is the submission of employment-related data or reports to the relevant labor authorities. It helps demonstrate compliance with manpower administration requirements.Read definitionLabour ComplianceLabour Compliance (Labor Compliance)Labour compliance means following employment laws and regulations covering contracts, payroll, working hours, benefits, social security, termination, reporting, and workplace obligations.Read definitionEmployer of RecordAn Employer of Record is a third-party employer that legally hires and administers workers on behalf of another company, handling employment administration while the worker performs services for the client.Read definitionPEOA Professional Employer Organization provides outsourced employment infrastructure and HR administration, often supporting payroll, benefits, compliance, and employee management processes.Read definitionHR AdministrationHR administration covers employee records, contracts, leave tracking, onboarding documents, payroll data, HR policies, statutory documents, and people operations support.Read definitionHeadhuntingHeadhunting is a targeted recruitment method used to identify and approach candidates with specific experience, skills, or seniority, including candidates who may not be actively applying for jobs.Read definitionCandidate PipelineA candidate pipeline is a structured pool of potential candidates being sourced, screened, nurtured, or prepared for current and future hiring needs.Read definitionSOPAn SOP is a written step-by-step procedure for completing a recurring task consistently. SOPs help teams reduce errors, clarify ownership, and make operations easier to train or automate.Read definitionInternal ControlInternal control is a process, rule, or review mechanism designed to reduce risk, prevent errors or fraud, protect assets, and improve the reliability of business operations and reporting.Read definitionJob DescriptionA job description is a document that explains a role's purpose, responsibilities, reporting line, required skills, performance expectations, and sometimes salary or working conditions.Read definitionOnboardingOnboarding is the process of helping a new employee or contractor start work effectively through documents, orientation, system access, training, role expectations, and administrative setup.Read definition
Advisory & Growth
18
Market EntryMarket entry is the process of planning and establishing a business presence in a new market. In Indonesia it may include structure, licensing, tax, hiring, banking, operations, and compliance planning.Read definitionMarket StudyA market study analyzes customers, demand, competitors, pricing, regulation, distribution, and entry risks so a company can make informed market-entry or expansion decisions.Read definitionBusiness PlanA business plan is a document that explains a company's strategy, market, product, operating model, financial plan, risks, and growth assumptions.Read definitionCIMA Confidential Information Memorandum is a document used in fundraising, investment, or M&A processes to present a business, its performance, market, strategy, risks, and transaction opportunity to selected parties.Read definitionInvestment SourcingInvestment sourcing is the process of identifying and approaching potential investors, buyers, partners, or funding sources that match a company's transaction or growth objective.Read definitionInvestor PitchingInvestor pitching is the process of presenting a business opportunity to potential investors using materials such as pitch decks, financial models, market data, and transaction terms.Read definitionFundraisingFundraising is the process of raising capital from investors, lenders, shareholders, grants, or other financing sources to support company growth, operations, or transactions.Read definitionTransaction StructuringTransaction structuring is the design of the legal, commercial, financial, and operational arrangement for a sale, investment, acquisition, restructuring, or partnership.Read definitionTransaction FormalizationTransaction formalization is the process of turning agreed commercial terms into signed documents, legal steps, filings, payment arrangements, and closing actions.Read definitionSettlementSettlement is the completion phase of a transaction where payments, document transfers, ownership changes, releases, or other closing obligations are carried out.Read definitionM&AM&A (Mergers And Acquisitions)M&A refers to mergers and acquisitions, where companies combine, acquire, sell, or restructure ownership or business operations through a formal transaction process.Read definitionMergerA merger is a transaction where two or more companies combine into one surviving or new entity, usually requiring corporate approvals, legal documentation, tax review, and operational integration planning.Read definitionAcquisitionAn acquisition is a transaction where one party purchases shares, assets, or control of a business. It usually involves due diligence, valuation, negotiation, documentation, and closing steps.Read definitionCorporate ActionA corporate action is a significant company event affecting ownership, capital, structure, or legal status, such as share transfers, capital changes, mergers, restructuring, liquidation, or IPO preparation.Read definitionIPO ReadinessIPO readiness is the preparation of governance, finance, reporting, legal, tax, internal controls, and operational systems so a company can evaluate or prepare for a public listing.Read definitionOperational SupportOperational support is hands-on assistance with administrative, finance, HR, compliance, reporting, or back-office tasks that help a business run more consistently.Read definitionSupply Chain ManagementSupply chain management is the coordination of sourcing, suppliers, logistics, inventory, delivery, and related processes so products or services move reliably from origin to customer.Read definitionMatchmakingMatchmaking is the process of identifying and connecting relevant business contacts, buyers, sellers, investors, distributors, suppliers, or partners based on a specific commercial objective.Read definition
Technology & AI
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Digital TransformationDigital transformation is the use of technology, systems, data, and process redesign to improve how a business operates, serves customers, makes decisions, and scales.Read definitionWorkflow AutomationWorkflow automation is the use of systems or tools to make recurring business processes run with less manual effort, fewer errors, clearer approvals, and better tracking.Read definitionAI Workflow AutomationAI workflow automation uses AI tools or models inside business processes to help with repetitive, text-heavy, data-heavy, or decision-support tasks while keeping suitable human review and controls.Read definitionAI-Assisted WorkflowAn AI-assisted workflow is a business process where AI helps draft, summarize, classify, check, analyze, or recommend actions, while people remain responsible for review and final decisions where needed.Read definitionAI AgentAn AI agent is an AI-enabled system designed to perform tasks, answer questions, process information, trigger workflows, or assist teams based on defined goals, tools, data, and guardrails.Read definitionBusiness AI AgentA business AI agent is an AI agent designed for company workflows such as finance, compliance, document review, reporting, customer support, operations, or internal knowledge management.Read definitionAI Data InsightAI data insight is the use of AI-assisted analysis to clean, connect, interpret, and explain data so teams can identify patterns, anomalies, trends, and decision points faster.Read definitionData AnomalyA data anomaly is an unusual value, pattern, or transaction that differs from expected behavior. Detecting anomalies can help identify errors, fraud risk, operational issues, or changing trends.Read definitionSDLCSDLC stands for Software Development Lifecycle, the structured process for planning, designing, building, testing, deploying, and maintaining software.Read definitionAI SDLC EnablementAI SDLC enablement is the integration of AI into software development workflows to improve planning, coding, testing, documentation, review, delivery speed, and engineering quality.Read definitionCTO as a ServiceCTO as a Service is flexible senior technology leadership that helps companies make architecture, product, vendor, team, roadmap, and digital transformation decisions without hiring a full-time CTO.Read definitionCPO as a ServiceCPO as a Service is flexible senior product leadership that helps companies define product strategy, roadmap, user needs, prioritization, and product execution without hiring a full-time CPO.Read definitionCustom Software DevelopmentCustom software development is the design and build of software tailored to a company's specific workflow, customers, data, integrations, or operational needs.Read definitionERPERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, a system that integrates business functions such as accounting, inventory, purchasing, sales, HR, and reporting into one connected platform.Read definitionCRMCRM stands for Customer Relationship Management, a system used to manage leads, customers, sales activity, communication history, pipeline, and customer relationships.Read definitionMicrosoft Dynamics 365Microsoft Dynamics 365 is a suite of business applications covering ERP, CRM, finance, operations, sales, service, and related business processes.Read definitionKnowledge Management SystemA knowledge management system organizes company knowledge so teams can store, search, reuse, update, and apply information consistently across operations and AI-assisted workflows.Read definitionLMSAn LMS is a Learning Management System used to deliver, track, manage, and report training programs, courses, assessments, and employee learning paths.Read definitionAI Readiness AssessmentAn AI readiness assessment evaluates whether a team, process, data set, or organization is prepared to adopt AI safely and effectively, including gaps in skills, systems, governance, and workflow design.Read definitionGuardrailsGuardrails are rules, controls, review steps, and boundaries that help AI systems or automated workflows operate safely, accurately, and within acceptable business risk.Read definitionCompetency RoadmapA competency roadmap maps the skills a team needs, compares them with current capability, and turns the gap into a structured training, hiring, reskilling, or upskilling plan.Read definitionUpskillingUpskilling is the process of improving a person's existing skills so they can perform their current role better or handle more advanced responsibilities.Read definitionReskillingReskilling is the process of training someone for a different role, workflow, or capability area, often because business needs or technology have changed.Read definitionBootcampA bootcamp is an intensive training program focused on building practical skills in a shorter period through structured lessons, projects, exercises, and assessments.Read definitionHybrid LearningHybrid learning combines online and offline learning methods, allowing participants to use digital materials while also attending live sessions, workshops, or in-person activities.Read definitionCSR TrainingCSR training is a training or capability-building program delivered as part of a company's corporate social responsibility initiative, often focused on community, education, employability, or digital skills.Read definitionTalent Incubation ProgramA talent incubation program develops selected participants through training, mentoring, projects, assessments, and placement support so they can become ready for specific roles or industries.Read definitionEmployee Innovation ProgramAn employee innovation program is a structured internal initiative that helps employees generate, test, and develop ideas into practical business improvements, products, or process changes.Read definitionGlobal Technology CertificationA global technology certification is a recognized credential from a technology provider or certification body that validates skills in areas such as cloud, AI, data, cybersecurity, software, or enterprise systems.Read definitionCurriculum DevelopmentCurriculum development is the design of a structured learning program, including topics, outcomes, materials, exercises, assessments, sequencing, and delivery format.Read definition
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